Youth and substance use pdf download

First, substance use itself may impair cognitive development which, in turn, reduces academic achievement and disrupts academic progression. In turn, these memory and attention problems may lead to decreases in academic performance and engagement in school, and ultimately increase risk for school problems and dropout. Moreover, the magnitude and permanence of these effects are unclear in terms of whether they extend to impair academic functioning.

For example, studies suggest that withdrawal is an important predictor of the neurocognitive deficits associated with adolescent drinking, but it is not clear whether prolonged periods of abstinence rectifies these deficits or whether they are permanent.

Kevin et al continue to show that alternatively, it could be that drug and alcohol use during adolescence leads to association with antisocial peer groups, which in turn diminishes school engagement and increases other behavioral and social problems. Indeed, as Godley and the current studies support, substance use is related to many school-related outcomes that have a strong behavioral and social component. In other words, the effects of substance use on academic outcomes may have motivational, social and behavioral components in addition to any effects on cognition and cognitive development.

Thus, negative academic outcomes may be due to both the direct effect of substance use on cognitive skills as well as the constellation of motivational, social and behavioral risk factors associated with substance use in adolescence. Other studies show that, declining grades, absenteeism from school and other activities, and increased potential for dropping out of school are problems associated with adolescent substance abuse.

Hawkins, Calatano and Miler had research finding that low level of commitment to education and higher truancy rates appear to be related to substance use among adolescents.

Again drugs abused effect the brain, this result in major decline in the functions carried out by the brain Abot, Drugs affect the students concentration span, which is drastically reduced and boredom sets in much faster than for non-drug and substance abusers.

The student will lose interest in school work including extra curriculum activities. Most of the psychoactive drugs affect the decision making process of the students, creative thinking and the development of the necessary life and social skills are stunted.

In spite of the measures taken by the government to curb drug abuse, the practice is still widespread in schools and institutions of higher learning. A report appearing on TV, K24 channel on 13th July, revealed that a 16 year old male student in a secondary school in Nyeri County died after a drinking alcohol in a bar; this is not exception of Mombasa County where cases of deaths have been continuously reported among school students in relation to drugs.

Additionally, another story by the Nation Media team, in the Daily Nation Newspaper July 15th , indicates that two university students and 4 secondary students were among 21 brew victims who died after consuming adulterated spirits in Eldoret County. As a result, Uasin Gishu County Commissioner banned the sale of spirits indefinitely.

It is in view of this background that the current study was carried out. They result from the financial losses and distress suffered by alcohol- and drug-related crime victims, increased burdens for the support of adolescents and young adults who are not able to become self- supporting, and greater demands for medical and other treatment services for these youth Gropper, cited by INCB, According to EMCDDA drug abuse inflicts immeasurable harm on public health and safety around the world each year, and threatens the peaceful development and smooth functioning of many societies.

An understanding of the economic costs of drug abuse is necessary to develop policies that reduce such costs. Attempts to calculate the global monetary burden of drug abuse, however, are mired in data limitations in the many areas that must be taken into account to arrive at even a rough estimate of the total global cost of drug abuse.

Analysis of the economic consequences of drug abuse must account for expenditure associated with policy choices and take into consideration any gains and externalities. Although accounting for the full, real dollar costs of drug abuse worldwide is challenging, analysing its consequences and understanding the domains it affects helps us to gain a clearer picture of the ways in which drug abuse affects the world.

First of its impact is on health. Economically, this manifests itself in prevention and treatment costs, health-care and hospital costs, increased morbidity and mortality. Depicted in Costs of drug prevention and treatment, the phenomenon of drug abuse requires societies to dedicate resources to evidence-based prevention, education and interventions, including treatment and rehabilitation.

Also, visits to hospitals in connection with drug abuse are costly to society, and this is worse in Mombasa where the number of such hospitals is limited.

Another loss that is associated to drugs and has a direct impact on economic development is the area of deaths associated with the drugs. This affects the youth who could otherwise contribute to economic development. According to International Labour Organization , globally, it is estimated that drug-related deaths account for between 0.

It is estimated that there are , drug-related deaths annually, with younger people facing a particularly high risk; a population that has the energy that is otherwise required for economic development. In Europe, the average age of death from drug use is in the mids. It is important to note that little information regarding drug-related mortality is available for Asia and Africa. In addition to drug-related mortality, estimates indicate that of the 14 million injecting drug users worldwide, 1.

A global scientific study estimated that the burden of disease attributable to drug use was substantial, rising in relative to Out of 43 risk factors, drug use was nineteenth in the ranking of the top global killers alcohol was third and tobacco was second.

For people aged years, drug use was the sixth most common reason for death United States Agency for International Development, According to World Health Organization , another economic area challenged by substance abuse in Kenya today is the impact on public safety by the youth.

According to the report, beyond health costs, people under the influence of drugs pose major safety risks and costs to people around them and the environment. For example, drug-affected driving accidents have emerged as a major global threat in recent years and the same in worst in Mombasa where the majority of youths under drugs double as motor bike riders Bodabodas. Also, the emergence of illicit drug cultivation and manufacture in residential areas brings with it concern about reduced quality of life for residents, neighbourhood decay and property damage resulting from child endangerment, criminal activity and explosions.

A study by Barasa notes that, a further cost of drug abuse that is often cited is the loss in productivity that can occur when drug users are under the influence of drugs or are experiencing the consequences of their drug use e. Studies have put the costs of lost productivity borne by employers at tens of billions of dollars. This has also been advocated by costs from labour non-participation. Here, productivity losses are calculated as work that would be reasonably expected to have been done if not for drug use a loss of potential income and output and therefore GDP as a result of a reduction in the supply or effectiveness of the workforce.

Similar studies in Australia, Canada and Kenya identified losses of 0. In those three countries, the cost of lost productivity was estimated to be 8 and 3 times higher than health-related costs due to morbidity, ambulatory care, physician visits and other related consequences. In the Kenyan slums, a study touching on Costs from treatment participation, hospitalization, incarceration and premature mortality of the drug abusers has shown that, while in treatment or when incarcerated, drug users may be unable to participate in work, education or training, adding to the economic loss, in addition to the cost of treatment or incarceration.

It should be noted that these productivity costs will be lower if job opportunities are already scarce as a whole. A similar trend has been identified in Kenya. In fact, Drug abuse has slowed economic development in many parts of Mombasa, helping keep unemployment rates high and economic productivity low even among the users themselves.

In addition, high crime rates discourage foreign investment. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13 Morbidity and Matality weekly report, The report continues to show that, teen pregnancy has become a national epidemic, in part because more and more teenagers who give birth decide to keep and raise their children.

There is a great cost to individuals, families, and society when children have children of their own. According to National Institute on drug abuse , the abuse of alcohol and other drugs lead to acute effect on the body. It alters judgment, vision, coordination and speech and also leads to risk taking behavior. The youth involved in drug related problems affecting their relation with family members and friends.

They are likely to be involved in fights and these get them into trouble with the law. Because drugs lead to irresponsible sexual behaviour, girls abusing drugs are likely to get pregnant. According to a study carried out by NACADA c , teens who drink or use drugs in Kenya today often are more sexually active and less likely to use contraception when they have sex than teens who take fewer risks. They also tend to have more sexual partners, and often start having sex at younger ages.

This is true due to the fact that, nearly four in ten high school students report having experimented with marijuana at least once, and over one-third of form fours report they have used some type of illicit drug. Approximately two-thirds of youths in colleges report having tried alcohol at least once and one-quarter of all high school students in Mombasa and Nairobi slums say they drink heavily on occasion. Consequently, teens 15 and older who use drugs are more likely to be sexually experienced than are those teens who do not use drugs, as 72 percent of teens who use drugs have had sex, compared to 36 percent who have never used drugs.

Teens who have used marijuana are four times more likely to have been pregnant or to have gotten someone pregnant than teens who have never used marijuana in the country today NACADA, In Kisauni and Changamwe, the report shows that almost one-quarter of all high school students used alcohol or drugs prior to their last sexual experience. In a nutshell summary, a study by NACADA shows that, teens often drink or use other drugs when they engage in sexual activity. So perhaps it's not surprising that many young people lose their virginity while drunk.

Unfortunately, many teens who get drunk and have sex also become pregnant because they aren't thinking about or able to use protection at the time. The report continue to show that, thirteen percent of teens say they've done something sexual while using alcohol and other drugs that they might not have done if they had been sober.

Finally, teens who drink and smoke are more likely to hang out with teens they perceive to be sexually "advanced" — which usually results in a higher level of sexual activity among those teens themselves. Therefore, there are complicated, even dangerous, connections between the use of drugs and alcohol and sexual behaviors.

Yet the effects of most drug prevention efforts have been modest at best. Risky behaviors are not going away, and neither is our responsibility to face them squarely. Perhaps now is the time for educators to try new strategies to counter the ever increasing challenges of teen alcohol and drug abuse and the impact on their sexual risk -taking behavior.

Some experts advocate programs which offer comprehensive and realistic information about the effects of alcohol and other drugs, along with the assumption that young people can be trusted to make responsible decisions to stay safe Softkenya, It entails a research design, the target population and sample size, the procedure followed in the collection of the data, data collection instrument, validity and reliability, data presentation and analysis. This study therefore used a descriptive survey research design.

According to Mugenda and Mugenda , a descriptive survey is a means of gathering information about the characteristics, actions or opinions of a large group of people and thus, surveys are capable of obtaining information from large samples of the population. It was established in year The youth group therefore aims at empowering the youth boys and girls who live in abject poverty to sustainable Economic, Social and Environmental maturity.

The numbers of youth subscribed to the CBO today are approximately This will make the target population. Determination of the sample shall be guided by the need to obtain a sample that is, as far as possible, representative of the population as a whole. Therefore the sample population taken was 57 youths. The questionnaire was expected to help the researcher to collect data on knowledge, opinions as well as attitudes of respondents.

The questionnaire was suited for this study because it is practical and is used to collect data from a large number of people within a short time and in a relatively cost effective manner. Open ended questions enabled respondents to provide sufficient details while close ended questions enabled the researcher to easily quantify results by the use of SPSS version It is the degree to which results obtained actually represent the phenomenon under investigation.

Reliability is defined by Kothari as the measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results after a repeated trial. The research used content validity as a measure of the degree to which the data collected using the questionnaire represented the objectives of the study.

The instrument was verified by the university supervisor and experts in research and senior employees of research firms in Mombasa. The data obtained was keyed in as t1. A value of 0. The study utilized self-administered questionnaires by the researchers and field research assistants.

The researchers got a permit from the Kenya School of administration and relevant authorities like the ministry of youths. The researchers visited the sampled respondents and administer the questionnaires to them. Appointments to the sampled teachers were arranged prior to the visits to avoid any inconveniences to the respondents. The coded data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics comprising of frequency tables.

Data analysis shall be done by use of SPSS Consent was sought from the respondents whose participation in this study is voluntary. The information they provided was treated with utmost confidentiality.

Privacy and dignity of the respondents shall be considered during the research. Names of the respondents shall not be exposed and codes will be used instead. The respondents shall be assured that a feedback session will be organized in order to disseminate the research findings to the county.

The data was then presented through frequency tables and narrative analysis. The chapter presents data in different sub-sections that are in relationship with the objectives and the items asked in the questionnaire. Out of the 57 questionnaires issued, 54 were returned, thus they were valid for the study. This means that the return rate was Table 4. This is the age that is mostly dominated by youths who are in the transition rate to either parents or new jobs.

This was followed by They were followed by those with university education at Poor Concentration in schools is due to drug and substances abuse. On the factor that focused on Poor Grades among youths in schools, 4 respondents strongly disagreed, 7 Disagreed, 9 went for neutral, 29 agreed, while, 5 strongly agreed with the issue.

Responses on poor concentration in schools had, 7 who disagreed, 7 disagreed, 12 went for neutral, 17 agreed while, 11 strongly agreed. The statement that read, Absenteeism in Bangladesh is due to drugs and substance abuse attracted, 5 respondents strongly disagreed, 6 who disagreed, 14 who were neutral, 19 who agreed, while the remaining 10 greatly agreed.

Finally, the statement that read, school drop outs have increased due to drugs and substances abuse attracted, no respondents strongly disagreed, 7 who disagreed, 9 who were neutral, 29 who agreed, while the remaining 9 greatly agreed.

Demands for medical care due to drugs and substances abuse has have 2 5 28 14 5 led to slowed economic development.

Drug-related deaths lead to slowed economic development. Labour non-participation by drug abusers has led to slowed 3 3 10 19 19 development. According to the responses received, 3 respondents strongly disagreed with the idea that financial losses have been experienced at Bangladesh due to drugs and substances abuse by the youth, 3 disagreed, 15 were neutral, 14 agreed, while the rest 19 strongly agreed.

On the idea that focused on demands for medical care due to drugs and substances abuse attracted, 2 respondents who strongly disagreed, 5 disagreed, 28 were neutral, 14 agreed, while the remaining 5 strongly agreed with the idea. On the idea that read, drug-related deaths lead to slowed economic development had the responses as follows: 0 respondents strongly disagreed, 13 disagreed, 21 were neutral, 10 agreed, while the remaining 10 strongly agreed with the statement.

On the statement that read; Public safety concerns posed by drug users have slowed economic development, 2 respondents strongly disagreed, 5 disagreed, 5 were neutral, 14 agreed, while the remaining 28 strongly agreed with the statement.

Finally on the statement that read, labour non- participation by drug abusers has led to slowed development, 3 respondents strongly disagreed, 3 disagreed, 10 were neutral, 19 agreed, while the remaining 19 strongly agreed with the statement. Illegal abortions are common among drug and substance abusers. On the statement that read, drugs and substances abusers have more sexual partners, 1 respondent strongly disagreed, 3 disagreed, 5 neutral, 21 agreed, while the remaining 24 strongly agreed.

On the statement that read, unwanted pregnancies are common among the drug and substance abusers, 4 respondent strongly disagreed, 6 disagreed, 11 neutral, 23 agreed, while the remaining 10 strongly agreed On the final factor that read, poor decisions making from the supervisors have led to delayed projects, attracted 4 respondents who strongly disagreed, 6 disagreed, 11 uncertain, 23 agreed, while the remaining 10 strongly agreed with the statement.

The chapter also contains suggestions of related studies that may be carried out in the future. From an analysis and review of the research data and additional data gathered through interviews and questionnaires filled, issues that follow become evident.

The first objective sought to examine the extent to which drug and substance abuse influences level of education among the youth in Bangladesh Village Changamwe Constituency and from the responses, 50 respondents agreed with the idea that drug and substance abuse has an influence on education performance in Bangladesh area, while those who were for no made 7.

On a rating scale, in relation to the factor that focused on Poor Grades among youths in schools, 4 respondents strongly disagreed, 7 Disagreed, 9 went for neutral, 29 agreed, while, 5 strongly agreed with the issue. In relation to the second objective that sought to find out the extent to which drug and substance abuse influences economic productivity among the youth in Bangladesh Village Changamwe Constituency, the following responses became apparent. From the response, The third objective sought to examine the influence of drug and substance abuse on teenage pregnancies among the youth in Bangladesh Village Changamwe Constituency.

Here, respondents were asked whether they thought that the drugs abuse have an influence in teen pregnancies and the responses were that 52 respondents who represented Therefore, from the findings on the first objective sought to examine the extent to which drug and substance abuse influences level of education among the youth in Bangladesh Village Changamwe Constituency and from the responses, 50 respondents agreed with the idea that drug and substance abuse has an influence on education performance in Bangladesh area, while those who were for no made 7.

The youth and particularly students are especially vulnerable to the vice owing to peer pressure, media influence, poor guidance and role modeling. This is supported by Gropper cited by INCB who notes that the social and economic costs related to youth substance abuse are high. They result from the financial losses and distress suffered by alcohol- and drug-related crime victims, increased burdens for the support of adolescents and young adults who are not able to become self-supporting, and greater demands for medical and other treatment services for these youth.

Therefore, a similar study can be done in other parts of the country. A research can be done to access the effects of drugs and substances abuse on the third parties parents, guardians, society in Changamwe sub-county.

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